Client-server architecture :

In this client-server architecture, the client requests some data to the server by using protocols and after the request from the client-server sends the information in the form of a response. This information is not in a single form it comes in the form of small packets.

Peer-To-Peer architecture :

In peer-to-peer (P2P) networking, a group of computers is linked together with equal permission and responsibilities for processing data.

Protocol :

Protocol means the set of rules or steps to perform a particular task. These rules are set by Internet society.

Some of the protocols

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) :

This protocol ensures the data that reaches the destination is not corrupted or lost on the way.

e.g: Email

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) :

In this data may be lost or corrupted during transmission.

e.g: video conference

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) :

It is used in web browser. It defines the format of the data transfer between the web client and the web server.

e.g: Google Chrome

Status code :

HTTP status codes are response codes sent by web servers in response to HTTP request. It is 3 digit number in which the first digit decides the class of response.

1xx : Informational

2xx : Success

3xx : Redirection

4xx : Client error

5xx : Server error

HTTP methods :

GET: This method is used to request some data from the server.

POST: This method is used to give some data to the server.

PUT: This method is used to put the data in a particular location.

DELETE: This method is used to delete the data from the server.

Types of Networks:

LAN (Local Area Network): Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as a building, office.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.

WAN (Wide Area Network): A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or countries.

Some IMP points

• Each system/computer communicates with the internet and is identified using IP address.

• DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) is used by routers to give an IP address to devices that are connected to it.

• DNS (Domain Name System) converts the URL into an IP address.

Port Number :

It is a 16 bit number that is used to decide which application to send the data in the device. There are almost 65,000 port numbers. from which

0 - 1023 -> Reserved ports

1024 - 46152 -> Reserved for some applications

remaining -> we can use it

Different types of Topologies to connect one computer with you

1. BUS Topology :

1. RING Topology :

1. STAR Topology :

1. TREE Topology :

1. MESH Topology :

OSI Model : (Open Systems Interconnection Model)

There are a total of seven layers are present in the OSI model. It is a reference model.

TCP/IP Model :

This model is actually implemented inside the devices.

Two key features of the TCP/IP model :

1. End node verification: The two endpoints of any data transfer are responsible for making sure it was successful.

2. Dynamic routing: The end node can transfer data over multiple paths and the network chooses the best path for individual data transfer.